In Ontario, A Core Psychiatric Treatment Is Endangered

Without access to long-term, intensive psychotherapy, psychiatrists cannot do the job they are specially trained for, and patients, our citizens, suffer immensely.

Imagine suffering from a heart disease and being told that treatments for severe heart problems are not covered by OHIP. The Ontario government proposes to reduce funding for the most effective and powerful treatment available to address dysfunctions of one of our most important organ systems – the mind. If uninformed administrators have their way and your mind is in pain – depressed, sad, anxious, angry or stressed – you will be out of luck as OHIP may not cover one of the main available treatments many need – intensive long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.

What follows is a more comprehensive analysis of the problem. Please also refer to a shorter summary blog about this same topic entitled ‘The Ontario Government Threatens A Core Psychiatric Treatment‘.

The mind as an organ system

In this context, I use ‘mind’ instead of ‘psyche’, in the understanding that mind entails our awareness, our subjective experience of being alive and our vital capacity to regulate our emotions and mental states. Consider the mind as an organ system in its own right, following its own scientific laws of functioning, and requiring its own specific treatment approaches. This might appear strange to any layperson, including politicians and lawmakers, given that you cannot physically touch or see the mind. Like early-stage cancer patients, who deny the seriousness of their illness, people can sometimes pretend for a while that the mind doesn’t exist. They think it is unimportant, or that they can fix it themselves when it hurts and they experience unhappiness, depression, sadness, anger, anxiety or stress. They sometimes feel embarrassed to admit to an emotional problem they believe only ‘crazy’ people have – all it takes is biting your lips and soldiering on with life. Eventually they crash and realize that they cannot fix their minds on their own.

The mind is a very tricky and difficult organ system to understand and treat. Just as surgeons spend four to six years training in how to successfully cut into people’s bodies, psychiatrists who specialize in the mind spend an equal amount of time training in how to help people explore and use their minds to rewire their brains. These unique and elusive characteristics of the mind invite deeper reflections.

Mind and brain are not the same, and the mind is not just a function of the brain. It’s an erroneous, albeit rampant belief, that all you need is to feed the brain with medication and you will feel better – your mind will follow suit. For some it can work that way, but for many it doesn’t, particularly when childhood attachment and trauma issues or more complex emotional challenges play a role. Many patients may have their brain treated with psychiatric medications to mitigate certain symptoms, and yet not become more functional, self-assured, or content in their daily lives. The mind is an organ system with its own separate identity, scientific and psychological laws that govern it, and separate treatment approaches. It is impossible to treat the mind by treating the brain alone. My psychotherapy practice is full of patients, who originally came to me after months, sometimes years, of medication and short-term psychotherapy treatments that did not lead to social and professional rehabilitation. Only after intensive, long-term medical psychotherapy are they able to fully reintegrate into society and their professional life, often in fact, without medication.

The difference between mind and brain

While three medical specialties treat the brain (neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry), only psychiatry also treats the mind. Neurology and neurosurgery treat the brain to address structural issues, pain, epilepsy, brain diseases and both motor and sensory functions. These specialties treat the brain for brain diseases. Psychiatry on the other hand, treats both the brain and the mind for mind diseases. Because of neuroplasticity of the brain, we can use the mind to rewire the brain, which is psychiatry’s specialty. In short, psychiatry can treat the brain to treat the mind, and treat the mind to treat both the mind and the brain. The way psychiatry treats the brain directly is through medications, electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and light therapy. To treat the mind, various types of psychotherapy and mindfulness techniques are required.

Understanding the difference between mind and brain, and how they interrelate, is not easy. This difficulty may well be at the root of many disagreements among clinicians and policymakers. Here is an imperfect analogy to clarify this issue. Our cities have roads (neurons in the brain) and cars (chemicals in the brain), and the flow of a multitude of cars is called traffic (the mind). To deal with traffic jams (mind problems such as anxiety or depression), we need to ensure good cars that don’t break down are on the road (achieved through medication). This is a car mechanical/technical (medication/brain) problem. However, good cars are not enough to safeguard the free flow of traffic. We also need wide enough and well-paved roads, as well as a sophisticated signage system to regulate traffic flow. This is a traffic management (psychotherapy, mind) problem. Brain and mind interact and influence each other in ways we currently don’t fully understand, but they are at the same time, also very different organ systems with their own unique characteristics.

The denial of our mind’s relative independence from the brain, and therefore of psychotherapy’s importance in treatment, may be rooted in a lack of information about neuroplasticity. Dr. Norman Doidge has written extensively about the science of neuroplasticity in his two books entitled The Brain’s Way Of Healing and The Brain That Changes Itself. It was groundbreaking to discover that by learning how to use our minds in various new ways, such as specialized attentional training, cognitive restructuring, the development of attuned relationships and the examination of our life stories, we actually change the structure, wiring and chemical functioning of the brain. This is why these psychological interventions lead to the resolution of many mental, emotional and relationship problems.

In short, we cannot solve traffic jams with good car mechanics alone. We cannot just change the chemicals in the brain through medication and unfailingly expect to feel mentally healthy, although in some cases that can seem possible for a while. Medications do not significantly rewire the brain. Clinical experience shows over and over again, that we also need to learn to listen to the mind and mobilize its unique tools that change the wiring and the chemicals in the brain. This is what psychotherapy is all about.

The shocking consequences of ignoring the mind

Respecting the importance of the human mind is fraught with at least two challenges. Firstly, the mind is elusive, it cannot be touched or seen, and can, therefore, be easily dismissed – at least for a while. Secondly, there is still a social stigma in admitting that something is mentally wrong. ‘Mental’ by the way, includes emotional and relationship issues. What we are up against as a society is the difficulty to see the fundamental importance of the mind. In Timeless Healing (Simon & Schuster), Harvard University professor of medicine Herbert Benson quotes copious research that shows the shocking perils of ignoring the mind. Consider the following US statistics from around the 1990s Benson lists in his book, which would not be expected to have changed much over the years. When Benson refers to ‘mind/body’ approaches, he means approaches that use the mind to rewire the brain and also affect the body in other ways:

  • 60-90% of doctor office visits are from patients manifesting physical symptoms of emotional distress and related to mind/body and stress-induced conditions.
  • Half of these office visits – or 37.5% of the total of all office visits – could be eliminated with a greater emphasis on mind/body health.
  • 74% of medical complaints presented at medical clinics have no identifiable organic cause.
  • 2/3 of patients presenting medical complaints receive diagnostic evaluations that reveal an organic identifiable cause only 16% of the time. Only 55% of these patients receive treatment at the end, and treatment is often ineffective.
  • Mind/body approaches could, by a conservative estimate, save the US health care system 50 billion US dollars per year in wasted health care expenditures. This figure does not include the savings incurred by the decreased use of drugs (prescription and over-the-counter), laboratory tests and procedures that would follow the application of a rigorous mind/body discipline. It also does not include 13.7 billion US dollars of savings per year in unconventional (alternative, holistic) medical expenses.

The human mind is the most easily overlooked organ in our organism, and yet so fundamentally impactful as far as health is concerned.

A short history of mind and science

History may explain some of our societal reticence to honor the importance of the mind and its treatments. Because of its elusive, intangible and subtle nature, the mind has historically eluded scientific scrutiny. Only relatively recently has it become a major focus of empirical study. Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis have been around for much longer, but they were always seen as unscientific or marginally-scientific approaches that made uncomfortable bedfellows in psychiatry. Acceptance in the family of scientific medicine has always been a struggle for psychiatrists, who unlike any other medical specialists have to deal with two so fundamentally different organ systems, the brain and the mind. They therefore often try to find misguided legitimacy with their medical colleagues and funding agencies by treating the brain with medications, hoping to deliver more efficient and expedient results. The problem is that this only works in some cases, and often partially, at best. The moment the mind plays a major role in how we get sick, brain interventions by way of medications, and even short-term mind interventions can be limited in their efficacy, and therapy requires a paradigm shift into the science of the mind, not just the science of the brain.

Science has progressed significantly, and what was previously seen as unscientific and belonging to philosophy or even religion, has now become mainstream. Psychiatry is the medical discipline that straddles these two organ systems, the brain and the mind. The scientific tendency to veer off into the tangible world of molecules, cells and physical organs, has been a stubborn problem that only recently, has begun to command more rigorous scientific questioning. The human imagination links physical medicines with measurable, quick results. Take an antibiotic, and much of the time you are rid of your illness within 10 days. Not so with our elusive psyche. Take a medicine for emotional and psychiatric symptoms, and despite common expectations, the results can be comparatively poor or incomplete. As I already stressed, mental health is not just dependent on brain function, but also on mind function, and the mind will not simply acquiesce to the principles by which the brain works.

The mind is undoubtedly a tough system for scientific study and treatment with its own rules and regulations not found in the brain, but science has progressed to the point where these old historical struggles to understand the mind and its relationship to the brain can be put to rest. It is now time to learn from this new understanding and give all treatments for the mind their overdue support.

The unique time frame of in-depth mind treatment

We now have to deal with yet another obstacle getting in the way of intensive psychotherapy acceptance. The mind is not amenable to quick and fast changes like the chemicals in the brain are, because the mind’s health hinges on neuroplasticity, which takes time to stimulate. The laws that govern treatment of the mind are subject to the inescapable reality of neuroplasticity. This forces us to accept the fact that in many cases, psychotherapy takes intensity, regularity and time. Short-sighted, results-oriented and productivity-obsessed administrators such as insurance companies and governments don’t relish having to deal with this fact.

Most of my psychiatric colleagues, who unlike me, specialize in medication-based brain treatment for psychiatric conditions, regularly refer patients to me for intensive long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, recognizing that so many patients also require specialized mind treatment in addition to medication. Vice versa, when I deem it necessary for a patient to have access to medications, I will send them to one of my colleagues who specializes in this area. Given this general respect for each other’s specialization in the two different psychiatric disciplines of brain and mind treatment, it is astonishing that some biologically-oriented colleagues mentioned in Dr. Doidge’s recent Globe and Mail article entitled ‘In Ontario, A Battle For The Soul Of Psychiatry’ (April 6, 2019), seem to advocate an approach towards the mind that minimizes its legitimacy by claiming that intensive long-term psychotherapy is a luxury psychiatrists should not get involved in. Such misguided and confused ways of thinking about a complex scientific challenge is disingenuous and counterproductive in our difficult task of educating laypeople, such as policymakers and politicians, in the understanding of the relationship between brain and mind, and the immense impact such clear understanding has on good governance.

Treatments of the mind require intensity, regularity and time. To be more precise, there are short-term mind treatments such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or other short-term psychotherapies requiring anywhere between five and twenty sessions – in other words, not that much time. These are scientifically proven to be effective indeed, mostly focused on treating symptoms and designed for relatively circumscribed psychological problems that manifest as a single, mild to moderate mental disorder, such as anxiety or a depressive episode. In complex psychiatric situations, they can also be useful as adjuncts to the intensive psychotherapy needed.

The focus of this article is not on these short-term approaches, which as Dr. Doidge points out in his Globe article, are often used by detractors to make claims about treatment results that are blatantly false. What I am focusing on is intensive, long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, which requires significantly more time, and is designed to treat beyond symptoms, the root causes that keep producing recurring psychiatric symptoms and endless relapses with chronic emotional dysfunction. This treatment modality addresses a person’s background history and experience that wired the brain to be susceptible to breakdowns in the face of life’s challenges. Decades of struggling with life experiences that caused our brain to become vulnerable to stress, cannot possibly be undone in a few weeks or even months. On the other hand, through intensive psychotherapy it takes far less than decades, usually a few short years, to repair the damage in a more solid and lasting way. There is no shortcut possible in these cases, quite like you have to wait several years when you plant a new hedge before it gives you the privacy you want from your neighbours. Just as trees can’t grow any faster than they do, minds cannot rewire brains any faster than nature allows, and this kind of intensive psychotherapy takes time.

An example of a patient’s journey to mental health

The idea of ‘long-term’ raises the hackles of money managers, because they associate it with waste and expense. However, this is flawed reasoning that does not correspond to reality. To make the point, here is an example of a patient I treated, an intensive care nurse I will name Sophie.

Self-esteem issues caused by dysfunctional parenting in childhood caused Sophie to become very stress-prone as an adult. Relationships became very difficult for her, because she kept pleasing, chronically intimidated by forceful colleagues and unable to stand up for her rights. Life at home with her three children and husband became very difficult, because she was in constant mental anguish and conflict with her spouse. In a relentless state of anxiety and depression, she ended up having to go on stress leave and disability. By the time she came to see me after one and a half years off work, she already had two courses of CBT with two different therapists, one of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), one 8-week anxiety group and one 6-week daily coping group, as well as several trials of different medications under her belt. An attempted return to work under her insurance company’s pressure failed miserably. Her treatments only had marginal success, because none addressed the root causes of her illness, leaving her still debilitated enough as to not return to work and unable to live a meaningful and happy family life. Her children showed increased symptoms of distress and anxiety, and as a family they were going into debt, because her disability income did not compensate for the full nurse salary they needed to supplement her husband’s salary. The marriage became precariously estranged, with her husband at his wits’ end. She and I began an intensive, long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, which she could never afford, were it not covered by OHIP.

After about six months of weekly treatment she began to feel significantly better, ready to begin a gradual return to work only after approximately nine months of psychotherapy. Both employer and insurance company were pressuring for a quick and full return, which we repeatedly had to stave off. It then took an additional eight months to gradually transition to full-time work at around the 17-month mark of intensive psychotherapy. Standing up to employer and insurance administrators was part of Sophie’s learning experience, and by the time she was back full-time, she was also off her medications.

This didn’t mean that her treatment was finished though. She now had to work through deep issues that only surfaced once she was back full-time, free of medications, in the midst of life’s ‘full catastrophe’. She also had to consolidate her gains through ongoing examination of how she was using her mind. The whole treatment lasted about four years, at which point she felt securely grounded in a strong sense of herself, capable of taking on anything that came her way. By the time her psychotherapy ended, her marriage was back on track, her family life had settled, her work was again a source of satisfaction, and she was confidently happy with her life. She had reached a state of health she could have likely achieved one and half years earlier, had she received the intense treatment she needed right from the start. I saw her at a local grocery store a few years later, looking relaxed and radiant, as she was telling me how well she had been doing since her therapy. She was promoted at work, and continues to live a successful life.

The point I am hereby making is to show that Sophie could only heal and thrive through this highly specialized, intensive and long-term psychotherapeutic treatment approach that specifically focused on her mind. Without OHIP coverage she could not have been able to afford the treatment she needed. If OHIP did not cover this work, it would be like telling orthopedic surgeons that hip replacements are not funded anymore. Most people could not afford the treatment they need. What hip replacement treatment is to an orthopedic surgeon’s patient, mind-exploration know-how through intensive, long-term psychotherapy is to a psychiatrist’s patient.

The cost of Sophie’s psychotherapy pales against the potential cost incurred, had she remained disabled for years, like so many patients I see coming to my office far too late. Consider the costs incurred had she remained dysfunctional without proper long-term treatment of the mind: potential marital breakdown; negative effects on her children that would have caused long-term mental dysfunctions and susceptibility to physical illnesses; long-term, even lifelong insurance costs; the cost of psychiatric drugs; lost productivity at the workplace; loss of her expertise, etc. As Benson’s statistics show, the cost of proper mind treatment pales against the potential cost of ignoring the importance of the human mind. The cost of psychotherapy is inexpensive compared to the cost of having to deal with the health consequences of ignoring the mind. If you look at the Ontario health budget, the cost of psychotherapy is embarrassingly low in comparison to what is needed, and a drop in the bucket compared to health care spending as a whole. Cutting funding to intensive medical psychotherapy and only funding short-term approaches is tantamount to funding gastroenterological treatment only for food poisoning, but cutting funding for treatment of chronic bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. It makes no sense, and Dr. Doidge made this same point very clear in his recent article, elaborating even further on the flawed notion of the ‘worried well’.

What’s at stake

As it stands, and has been the case for many years, OHIP covers psychotherapy for the full duration of necessary treatment. This is not only extraordinarily beneficial to our patients, but also a sign of progressive social thinking, awareness of prevention as good governance, knowledge of the mind-body connection, awareness of how the brain works, attunement to the importance of mind in health, forward-looking social thinking and smart money management. It is akin to our investments in education to foster a strong, competitive and productive society. All this is now in jeopardy as misguided approaches to governmental cost-cutting consider limiting one of the most powerful treatments of the mind, intensive long-term psychotherapy. This basically means cutting off a whole section of the population in need of this particular medical treatment and sowing the seeds for untold suffering and all its social consequences.

One of so many cries for help

In closing, it was too meaningful a coincidence not to weave in this request for help. On the very day I finished writing this article, I received the following email from a former patient, which I am reproducing with her permission almost verbatim, with minor changes to preserve confidentiality:
“ … For my brother-in-law, I wanted to ask you about the intensive group psychotherapy you provide for those needing to do extensive work into childhood or trauma. You mentioned you lead a group from a psychiatric standpoint, and I wondered if you could help my brother-in-law. He is having trouble finding a treatment plan, because of his complex situation. CBT, meditation, medication and counselling have not been effective for him. He had trauma in his childhood that was never dealt with, developed a life of maladaptive coping and is now living with PTSD, anxiety, depression and panic attacks that have left him with agoraphobia. As you can imagine, the traditional health care system has been unable to help. I wondered if you might have a suggestion for him. I believe that CBT and meditation may be powerful for him — but not until he deals with the trauma with a psychiatrist. He is on disability because of his mental health, so anything he tries must be covered by OHIP. He has a worker through the Canadian Mental Health Association, but so far her only recommendation has been to enter into an inpatient program, which isn’t financially feasible for him. Please let me know if you can help …”

This is such a sad, yet common story! There are not enough psychiatrists trained to do the work I am talking about in this article, which is undoubtedly intensive and long-term. He is the kind of patient my practice is filled with, and because there are so few trained specialists to provide this essential service, patients fall between the cracks with little to no chance for healing. Unfortunately, I don’t have a spot available at this time, nor do experienced colleagues I know. He will have to wait far too long.

What I say to our policymakers is this: millions of dollars are spent on medical technology to provide state-of-the-art medical treatments for physical illnesses. Without an MRI machine, radiologists, surgeons and internal medicine specialists cannot do their job. Mental illnesses demand no less – to be fully funded for all cutting-edge treatments of the mind, including intensive, long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy in both individual and group form. Without access to long-term, intensive psychotherapy, psychiatrists cannot do the job they are specially trained for, and patients, our citizens, suffer immensely.

Given the dire consequences of disregarding the importance of the human mind, let’s not be penny-wise and pound-foolish!

Copyright © 2019 by Dr. Stéphane Treyvaud. All rights reserved.

The team at The Mindfulness Centre provides various opportunities for students and patients to seek help for themselves through various psychotherapeutic modalities »

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Four depths down and the medicine of emptiness

Where healing ends in silence

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July 13, 2026

I. The Ladder of Depths

Every complaint a human being brings to another human being, every human exchange can be met at four depths. This is not a metaphor. It is a clinical observation, repeatable across decades of practice, and it has a strange property: the deeper the layer at which the human suffering is met, the less is said, the less is done, and the more is healed. The trajectory of genuine help runs not toward more sophisticated answers but toward the progressive exhaustion of answering itself, combined with deepening mastery of responsibility.

Take the most ordinary of openings, the sentence uttered a thousand times a day in every language: “I feel stressed. I am unhappy and having a hard time coping.” What happens next depends entirely on the depth at which the listener is standing. And here is the experiment this essay proposes: we will answer that same sentence four times, once from each layer, and we will let the language itself betray the depth. For the layers are not merely different techniques – they are different relationships to language, and beneath that, different relationships to the whole person. Each layer addresses a different stratum of the one who suffers: the first addresses her circumstances, the second his thoughts, the third her hidden story, and the fourth the whole organism itself – that living totality of body, brain, history, and awareness which precedes every story told about it. As we descend, words do not simply change their content. They change their function, then their density, and finally their necessity – because what they are addressing grows progressively larger than anything words were built to hold.

II. The First Layer: The World of Advice

“Oh, I know exactly what you mean – I went through the same thing last year. Have you tried getting more sleep? Honestly, that changed everything for me. And you should really take a proper vacation, you’ve earned it. Maybe cut back on the coffee too. My sister swears by yoga – there’s a great studio near you. You’ll get through this. Everyone does.”

That is the friend. The counselor at this same layer sounds different – more disciplined, less autobiographical – but listen to where the inquiry lives:

“Let us look at what is actually happening. When did the stress begin – and what changed around that time? Workload? Sleep? Finances? A relationship? Let us make an inventory of your commitments and sort them: which are truly yours, which could be delegated, which could be dropped. Which sources of pressure are within your control, and which are not? Once we can see the whole picture, we can build a plan – realistic steps, one at a time.”

The counselor has removed himself from the frame – no sister, no yoga studio, no borrowed biography – and this is real professional discipline. The exploration is genuinely investigative: causes are sought, factors are sorted, a plan takes shape. And yet the friend and the counselor stand at exactly the same depth, because the inquiry, however methodical, remains entirely within the concrete, the logical, the practical. Notice what the language of both is doing: it is full. It brims with content – the friend’s content is her own life, the counselor’s content is the inventory and the plan, but content it remains. Its grammatical mood is the imperative softened by kindness or the question aimed at action: try this, sort that, decide this. It treats suffering as a logistics problem – something is misarranged in the person’s circumstances and must be resupplied, rescheduled, reorganized. The person herself is addressed as the manager of her situation, and the whole of her – the body that carries the stress, the history that shaped her way of carrying it, the awareness in which all of it appears – is left standing outside the consulting room. The listener remains entirely within what we might call the world of things: the world of content, of provisions, of arrangements, of more.

The first layer helps, sometimes. But it heals the way a borrowed coat warms – from the outside, temporarily, and in someone else’s size. Even the counselor’s well-tailored plan remains a coat.

III. The Second Layer: The World of Meaning

“Let us look at the thought itself. When you say ‘I am having a hard time coping,’ what is the belief underneath? Perhaps: ‘I should be able to handle this alone,’ or ‘If I cannot cope, I am failing.’ Is that belief accurate? What is the evidence for it, and against it? What would you say to a friend who held it? Could the sentence be reframed – not ‘I am failing to cope’ but ‘I am carrying more than one person is built to carry’?”

The language has changed. It is no longer full of the helper’s life; it is structured, forensic, Socratic. Its mood has shifted from imperative to interrogative, but the questions are closed at the bottom – they have destinations. This is the cognitive layer, and its wager is that suffering rides on meaning: change the appraisal and you change the emotion, and through the emotion, the body. The wager frequently pays. Cognition is genuinely upstream of much misery, and a distorted belief, once caught in the light, loses a measure of its grip.

Yet notice what has not changed. The work still happens entirely within the economy of content. One meaning is exchanged for a better meaning, one story for a more adaptive story. The currency has been revalued, but we are still shopping. Something has genuinely deepened – the inquiry has moved from the person’s circumstances into the person, from the world to the thought about the world – but a thought is a thin slice of a human being. The self who suffers and the self who fixes remain intact, facing each other across the same table, and the rest of the organism – the felt body, the buried history, the wordless knowing that predates every appraisal – waits outside the renovated sentences, untouched.

IV. The Third Layer: The World Beneath the Story

“I notice you said ‘coping’ – as if life were a siege. I find myself wondering who taught you that. You mentioned your father once, almost in passing, when you spoke about your work – and your voice did something just then, similar to when you recounted your basement dream. What is the story you are not telling while you tell this one? I do not know what your stress is. I am not sure you do either – yet. What does it want from you?”

Again the language has transformed, and more radically. It has become slower, stranger, more allusive and interspersed with longer reflective silences. The questions are now open at the bottom – they lead nowhere in particular, which is precisely their power. This is the psychodynamic layer: it does not answer the story but listens beneath it, for the hidden story, the embodied emotional and somatic expressions of the non-verbal, the unsaid, the pattern that repeats across decades wearing different costumes. The interpreter offers no solutions; he offers unexpected connections, and the connections do not close the inquiry but open it. The patient leaves the hour not with answers but with better questions – and better questions are structural renovations, because they enlarge the space in which the mind can move. Where the second layer replaced content, the third layer loosens the grip of content altogether: perspectives widen, associations that were forbidden become thinkable, and the organism – not the intellect, the embodied organism – begins to find pathways it could not find while the official story blocked the road.

The language of this layer is already becoming porous. It gestures more than it states. It has learned to leave gaps – because it has discovered that the healing happens in the gaps.

V. The Fourth Layer

“I don’t know.”

Silence.

Nothing more. And – this is the scandal – nothing more is precisely what is needed. Not the frustrated silence of the helper who has run out of ideas, but the vast, deliberate, inhabited silence of one who has stopped needing ideas. When the patient asks for advice, for a solution, for anything: I don’t know. Let us stay here, with nothing, open to whatever may emerge. The language has completed its trajectory. At the first layer it was full; at the second, structured; at the third, porous; at the fourth it has become almost entirely space. And in parallel, what is being addressed has completed its own trajectory: from the person’s circumstances to her thoughts, to her hidden story, and now – finally – to the whole of her. Not the manager of situations, not the holder of beliefs, not even the teller of untold stories, but the entire living organism: the body with its four-billion-year inheritance, the nervous system with its sedimented history, the awareness in which all of it appears. That totality cannot be advised, cannot be reframed, cannot even be interpreted – it is larger than every instrument the shallower layers possess. It can only be met. What remains of speech is apophatic – it speaks only to unsay, it points only at what cannot be pointed at. The listener is no longer answering, no longer reframing, no longer even interpreting. The listener has become stillness itself, and offers the sufferer the strangest of all gifts: a place where absolutely nothing is required of them – and where, for the first time, nothing less than all of them is welcome; a place where nothing is precisely everything, and in the silence nothing important is left unsaid, left undone.

The remainder of this essay is an attempt to explain why this – the layer at which nothing is said, nothing is solved, and nothing is done – is not the abandonment of healing but its greatest depth.

VI. The Case Against Nothing

The objections deserve to be stated at full strength, because they are serious. First: is this not quietism dressed in therapeutic robes – a sophisticated permission to abandon the patient at exactly the moment she asks for help? Second: is it not nihilism – does the celebration of emptiness not risk confirming the depressed person’s darkest conviction, that nothing matters and nothing can be done? Third: is it not spiritual bypassing – the use of emptiness as an anesthetic, a way to float above the wound rather than enter it? And fourth, the empiricist’s objection: where is the mechanism? “Sit with nothing and be healed” sounds less like medicine than like mystification.

These objections share a single, understandable error: they mistake the fourth layer for the absence of the first three. But the layers are a ladder, not a menu. The silence of the fourth layer is not available as a starting point – offered prematurely, it is indeed abandonment, and offered to acute despair it is indeed dangerous. It becomes medicine only for the one who has climbed through advice and found it a borrowed coat, through reframing and found it redecoration, through interpretation and found even the finest insight to be one more piece of content – one more thing. The fourth layer is not the refusal to help. It is what helping becomes when everything shallower has been honestly exhausted. And nihility, as we shall see, is not the destination but the doorway – the place one must pass through, not the place one is invited to live.

VII. Why Nothing Heals

Consider first what suffering ordinarily makes us do. Pain arrives, and the whole organism organizes itself around a single project: get rid of it. We fight it, flee it, medicate it, analyze it, out-think it, out-run it. Every one of these maneuvers, whatever its surface sophistication, is the same maneuver: the attempt to manage the world of things – to find better content, better meaning, better solutions. And every one of these maneuvers draws its instructions from exactly one source: the past. What we already know. Our conditioning – the archive of everything that has previously worked, previously failed, previously been feared. This includes even the psychodynamic process, albeit to a lesser degree and with greater power of creative renewal. The fixing mind is by construction a retrospective mind. It cannot propose anything it has not, in some form, already met.

This is where the contemplative claim acquires, unexpectedly, a scientific spine. In the predictive-processing account of brain function associated with Karl Friston’s free-energy principle, the brain is not a passive receiver of the world but a ceaseless generator of predictions about it, correcting itself only where reality forces the issue. Perception itself is controlled hallucination disciplined by error; what we experience is largely what we expect, and what we expect is what we have been. Our priors – the accumulated weightings of a lifetime – are the riverbed through which every new moment is channeled. Suffering, in this light, is often not a problem in the riverbed but a problem of the riverbed: the predictions themselves have become the prison, and every effortful attempt to fix, cope, and solve is executed by the very machinery that is malfunctioning – and reinforces it with each execution. It is as if one lived a nightmare and attempted to liberate oneself from it by improving it, instead of waking up from it.

Now watch what the fourth layer does. To sit in profound not-knowing and non-doing – to genuinely surrender the project of fixing – is to withdraw, deliberately and radically, our investment in prediction. It is to stop feeding the priors. It is to suspend the entire retrospective apparatus and expose awareness, undefended, to what the machinery would otherwise have filtered out: the unexpected. The genuinely unexpected – which at first presents itself as noise, as nonsense, as seemingly meaningless and even seemingly mad. This is why the initial territory of the deep layer is so unattractive, and why almost everyone turns back: it is nihility – the cold vertigo of groundlessness, the discovery that beneath the stories there is no floor, the realization that beneath all existence is death and non-existence. The Kyoto School philosopher Keiji Nishitani made precisely this distinction: nihility is the abyss that opens when meaning collapses, when we are faced with the absurd and unacceptable, and stare in the abyss of forsakenness; nothingness is the spacious and generative groundlessness that arises when instead of being fled, nihility is passed through and inhabited until it turns transparent, and the duality of nihility and consciousness are transcended; emptiness is how nothingness lovingly manifests within the web of interdependence of all things. Nihility experienced against existence and life is despair. Nihility consented to, all the way down, opens into a fullness of being that owes nothing to content.

And in that fullness, something happens that no amount of fixing could have produced. The unexpected material – the nonsensical, the unbidden, the apparently crazy – is allowed to play itself out on the widest theater the mind possesses: the spaciousness of stillness and silence. Nothing is grasped, so nothing is prematurely shaped by the old grasping patterns. Connections form that no conditioning would have permitted, because the conditioning has been placed, for once, out of the loop. And from this – not from advice, logic or interpretation – solutions arise that no one supplied. They are not deduced. They are not remembered. They arise, spontaneously, from the depth of unknowing, the way a forgotten name surfaces only after we stop hunting for it. The healing is not an achievement of the will. It is what the organism with its hundreds of thousands of years of evolution does by itself the moment the will, and with it the censor, finally get out of the way.

This is why emptiness heals where effort fails: effort can only rearrange the known, and the known is what is making us ill.

VIII. The Practice of Subtraction

The contemplative traditions converged on this discovery from every direction, which should give the skeptic pause. The Daoists called it wu wei – non-doing, the effectiveness that flows precisely from the abandonment of forcing. Meister Eckhart called it Gelassenheit – equanimity, the letting-be that lets God be, and insisted that the soul must become empty even of its images of God. The apophatic theologians built an entire method on unsaying, holding that the deepest truths are approached only by the systematic negation of everything sayable. Keats, in a letter to his brothers, named the same capacity in the artist: negative capability, the power of “being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason.” And Wilfred Bion, from inside psychoanalysis itself, gave the fourth layer its most austere clinical formulation: the analyst should enter each session without memory or desire – without memory, because memory drags the past across the present; without desire, because desire (even the desire to cure) forecloses what has not yet emerged. Sigmund Freud commented in a similar vein on the psychoanalytic process. Both Bion and Freud understood that the analyst’s knowing is the patient’s ceiling.

Note what all of these are: not techniques of addition but disciplines of subtraction. They train the one capacity our culture never trains – the capacity to refrain and unknow. To not reach. To not know. To not do. And they are training in the strictest sense, for nothing is more difficult. Any beginner can add a practice; it takes years to subtract the practitioner. The muscles of grasping are the oldest muscles we have – they were laid down before language, in an organism whose survival once genuinely depended on ceaseless prediction – and they do not release because we understand, intellectually, that they should. They release only through the long apprenticeship of sitting, again and again, at the edge of the groundless, and discovering, again and again, that the ground was never what was holding us up.

This is also why the fourth layer cannot be counterfeited. Advice can be memorized, reframes can be scripted, even interpretations can be imitated. But a silence is either inhabited or it is not, and the nervous system of the sufferer knows the difference instantly. The only preparation for offering nothing is to have become, oneself, at home in emptiness.

IX. Nothing to Say, Nothing to Solve

So, we arrive at the formula, which reads as despair to the first layer and as freedom to the fourth:

Nothing to say. Nothing to solve. Nothing to do. Nowhere to go. Nobody to be.

Read from the surface, each clause is a door slamming. Nothing to say – the failure of comfort. Nothing to solve – the failure of intelligence. Nothing to do – the failure of agency. Nowhere to go – the failure of escape. Nobody to be – the failure of identity itself. This is the reading the frightened mind performs, and it is why the frightened mind fights so hard at the threshold.

Read from the depth, each clause is a door opening. Nothing to say – and so, at last, the end of the exhausting performance of commentary; the world permitted to be what it is before our verdicts. Nothing to solve – and so the end of life as an emergency; the discovery that this moment, whatever it holds, is not a problem awaiting our administration. Nothing to do – and so the release of the doer, the laying down of a burden carried so long it had been mistaken for a spine. Nowhere to go – and so, for the first time, actual arrival; the only moment ever available, no longer a corridor to a better one. Nobody to be – and so the end of the project of the self, the maintenance of that laborious character we perform even in private; and in its place not a void but an intimacy, an aliveness without an owner, the anonymous awareness in which everything has been appearing all along, the realization that we are the universe unfolding.

The clauses are identical. Only the depth of the reader has changed. And that, finally, is the whole teaching: healing is not the improvement of the story, the mood, or even the self. Healing is the migration of the reader – from the layer where nothing is a wound to the layer where nothing is the medicine.

We spend our lives asking suffering to leave. Suffering was asking us to arrive.

Copyright © 2026 by Dr. Stéphane Treyvaud. All rights reserved.

Silicon Dreams. Carbon Amnesia.

We stand at a peculiar crossroads in history: transfixed by the spectacle of silicon minds assembling themselves from human thought, we have turned our gaze outward toward the machine – and in doing so, turned away from something infinitely stranger and more wondrous. The neuron firing in your visual cortex as you read these words has been refined by 500 million years of ruthless experimentation.

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July 2, 2026

I. The Blind Spot

We stand at a peculiar crossroads in history: transfixed by the spectacle of silicon minds assembling themselves from human thought, we have turned our gaze outward toward the machine – and in doing so, turned away from something infinitely stranger and more wondrous. The neuron firing in your visual cortex as you read these words has been refined by 500 million years of ruthless experimentation. It speaks simultaneously in electrochemical gradients, synaptic geometry, glial whispers, epigenetic memory, and the mysterious way it feels to be you – a language so layered that we have barely begun to translate it. Artificial intelligence, for all its breathtaking mimicry, is a shadow cast by the organic: flat, fast, and legible precisely because it has been stripped of the irreducible complexity that makes life alive. The real frontier was never the one we built. It is the one we inhabit – and have barely looked at. The real moral concern is not AI’s consciousness, as it will forever just be a machine; it is the irreducibly different organic world of biology – life. Substrate matters.

* * *

II. The Flight from the Organic

And yet, rather than turn toward that complexity, we are doubling down on the flight from it. Somewhere deep in the cultural psyche, an ancient archetype is running – a Noah’s Ark for the digital age: the dream that we can load our minds onto servers, colonize Mars, and outrun the fate of being mortal, embodied, and organic. It is a fantasy that the laws of physics greet with indifference. Mars is not an oversight in our evolutionary story; it is simply not within the conditions that made us possible. We are not minds that happen to have bodies. We are bodies that learned to think – and the thinking cannot survive the abandonment of the substrate. 

Meanwhile, mindfulness – which might have been the corrective, the return to the full-bodied, right-hemispheric, emptiness-rooted intelligence that the organism actually runs on – has been quietly colonized by the same left-brain agenda it was meant to interrupt. Stripped of its contemplative roots in what I have coined Core Mind Realigning, it has been repackaged as a cognitive performance tool: stress reduction by spreadsheet, attention training as productivity hack. MBSR, as it is now commonly taught, too often becomes another exercise in mental management rather than a genuine rewiring of the organism’s relationship to itself. The silence at the center – the emptiness that is not absence but generative ground – has been edited out. What remains is technique without transformation: the map sold in place of the territory. Even technique is routinely taught superficially as many of my students coming from elsewhere attest – stripped of the exacting, unhurried rigour that navigating the infinite complexity of the mind demands. Too many practitioners have become more invested in the reductive confidence of evidence-based orthodoxy than in the kind of authentic human engagement that makes living transmission possible. But the deeper problem is one of timescale. The journey toward liberation from suffering is not a course. It is a lifelong apprenticeship – and the willingness to commit to it without horizon is not incidental to the path; it is the path. This is a principle Core Mind Realigning holds at its centre – with rigour, precision and commitment. It is no surprise, then, that people who complete a time-limited MBSR program without further training remain essentially untrained, unable to sustain a meaningful daily practice – because transformation is not an outcome. It is a way of living, a way of patiently walking the thousand-year journey and notice improvement.

* * *

III. The Complexity We Cannot Build

Consider what forgetting life with its organic substrate actually costs. Despite centuries of biochemistry, we have not yet assembled a single living cell from its chemical constituents – not one. The cell remains, in this precise technical sense, beyond us: a self-organizing, self-repairing, meaning-making system of such staggering intricacy that our most sophisticated laboratories can only observe it, never truly replicate it from the ground up. Even if we eventually construct something that qualifies as a living cell, what it would lack is not an ingredient but a history – and four billion years of unbroken evolutionary inheritance is not a detail that any laboratory procedure can retrospectively install. And the cell is merely the beginning. Trees negotiate resource-sharing through fungal networks with a sophistication that shames our internet. Animals navigate, grieve, play, and remember in ways that suggest an interior life we have only begun to take seriously. Ecosystems regulate climate, water, atmosphere, and fertility through feedback loops so interdependent that we cannot yet model them fully – only disturb them. And disturb them we have. Roughly 70% of insect biomass has disappeared within living memory, quietly and almost without public mourning, even though the loss of insects would mean the collapse of the terrestrial ecosystem. The organic world – the only world that actually made us – is being unmade, and we are largely looking elsewhere. Time matters, evolution matters, nature matters – replanted forests have little in common with old growth jungles. Just as a rich broth cannot be hurried – only tended, over hours, until what was raw and separate becomes nourishment – so the untamed processes of the mind yield their healing secrets only under the slow, sustained heat of trained awareness.

This is not only an ecological crisis. It is a crisis of attention – and perhaps, at its root, a crisis of wonder. Where is the mindfulness project equal to this moment? Not the one that teaches you to breathe through a difficult meeting, but the one that rekindles genuine passion for what we are made of – that positions the practitioner not merely as a calmer self, but as a custodian of biological heritage and wisdom. The original invitation of contemplative practice was never stress reduction as its core; it was the direct investigation of the nature of mind and reality – including the emptiness at the heart of both. Quantum biology is now finding that coherence, superposition, and non-locality are not metaphors when applied to living systems – they may be operational realities at the cellular level. The void is not outside biology. It may be biology’s deepest mechanism.

* * *

IV. The Left-Hemisphere Civilization

And what happens to the collective mind when this dimension is foreclosed – when a civilization becomes, structurally and habitually, a left-hemisphere operation? The results are not difficult to observe, and they are not accidental. The left hemisphere, as McGilchrist has meticulously documented, is not unintelligent – it is narrowly, brilliantly, dangerously competent. It categorizes, systematizes, and controls with extraordinary efficiency. What it cannot do is hold complexity without resolving it, tolerate paradox without collapsing it, or remain in relationship with what resists being named. When it becomes the dominant mode of a civilization – not merely a tool but the operating system – the dire consequences ripple outward into every domain of collective life.

Politics becomes the first casualty. Discourse that was once capable of holding tension – the irreducible tension between liberty and solidarity, tradition and renewal, the individual and the commons – hardens into opposed and irreconcilable certainties. Each side constructs an internally consistent worldview devoid of common sense, a closed epistemic system that processes only confirming data and experiences disconfirmation not as information but as attack. This is not disagreement. Disagreement requires a shared ground. What we are witnessing is something closer to parallel realities – each one coherent from within, each one increasingly unable to perceive the other as fully human. Dehumanization does not begin with violence. It begins with the foreclosure of ambiguity.

Religion (from Latin ‘re-ligio’ meaning ‘re-connection’), which at its contemplative root was always an encounter with what cannot be controlled – the groundlessness beneath ground, the silence beneath thought – gets conscripted into the left hemisphere’s project. Mystery becomes doctrine. Paradox becomes heresy. The apophatic tradition, which knew that the deepest truths can only be approached by unsaying, is replaced by literalism: sacred texts read as mindless instruction manuals, transcendence repackaged as tribal identity. God becomes a flag. The infinite becomes a weapon. And those who wield it do so with the serene confidence of people who have mistaken the map for the territory so completely that they have forgotten a territory ever existed.

Power displaces respect because respect requires the recognition of an interior life in the other – and that recognition is a right-hemisphere act. When the right hemisphere’s contribution is diminished, the other becomes a category before they become a person: a demographic, a threat vector, an ideological position. Empathy does not disappear entirely – but it narrows, becomes tribal, and then, in one of the more tragic ironies of our moment, turns against itself in suicidal inevitability. What begins as genuine moral sensitivity curdles, under left-hemisphere management, into a performance of sensitivity – competitive, punitive, and ultimately self-consuming. The result is the tyranny of division, entitlement and indoctrination. Truth becomes dangerous, because it is routinely inconvenient and offensive to the spineless – then gets replaced by the scourge of political correctness. Cultures begin auditing their own histories not with the nuanced grief of people trying to integrate a difficult past, but with the prosecutorial zeal of systems seeking to purge contamination. Here again, the substrate is forgotten, history is forgotten, the sense of identity lost. The result is not healing. It is a new form of the same splitting: the world divided again into pure and impure, victim and oppressor, the saved and the condemned, with the terms simply reversed.

Polarization deepens not because human nature has changed but because the cultural and technological environment now systematically rewards the left hemisphere’s preferred mode: fast, certain, categorical, and emotionally activating in the most reductive sense. Social media does not merely reflect the divided mind – it selects for it, amplifies it, and profits from it. The algorithm has no investment in wisdom. It has an investment in engagement, which is to say, in the kind of arousal that forecloses reflection. We have built, at civilizational scale, a machine that feeds the part of us least capable of governing wisely – and then expressed bewilderment at the quality of our governance.

What is missing – what has always been missing from political discourse conducted entirely within the left hemisphere’s jurisdiction – is the capacity McGilchrist calls 'Aufhebung': The ability to hold opposites in a higher synthesis without destroying either pole. This is not compromise in the weak sense – the splitting of differences – but genuine dialectical movement, the kind that requires sitting with discomfort long enough for something new to emerge. It is, not coincidentally, precisely what contemplative practice trains. The still point is not politically neutral. The capacity to remain present with what is unresolved, to resist the premature closure of complexity into slogan – this is a civic faculty as much as a personal one. Its absence is not just a spiritual problem. It is a governance crisis.

* * *

V. The Return

And yet – and this is the turn that neither the political left nor right can quite bring itself to make – the remedy is not more analysis. It is not a better ideology, a more refined critique, or a superior epistemic framework. The left hemisphere cannot think its way out of dominant left-hemispheric insanity. The exit is not through the same door. What is required is a return – not a nostalgic one, but a radical one, in the original sense of radix: root. A return to the substrate. To the body that breathes without being asked. To the forest floor where a single teaspoon of soil contains more microbial organisms than there are human beings on earth. To the silence that is not the absence of noise but the generative presence of something prior to noise – the ground state from which experience arises and to which, in deep practice, it returns.

This is what the organic world has always been quietly offering. Not consolation. Not escape. But scale – the humbling, orienting scale of a complexity so vast and so intimate that it cannot be othered. You cannot stand in genuine relationship with an old-growth forest, with the mycelial network threading beneath your feet, with the migratory intelligence of a bird navigating by magnetic field and star – and remain entirely inside the left hemisphere’s jurisdiction. Something shifts. The boundary between self and world becomes, not dissolved, but permeable. This is not mysticism as an add-on to biology. This is biology, perceived at the depth it deserves.

The contemplative traditions knew this long before neuroscience had the instruments to confirm it. The Zen master pointing at the moon was not making a metaphysical claim – he was performing a corrective, redirecting attention from the symbol to the thing, from the map to the living territory. The Buddhist teaching on śūnyatā – emptiness – was never a nihilistic statement about the unreality of the world. It was a precise phenomenological observation: that all phenomena, including the self, arise interdependently, without fixed essence, in a web of mutual conditionality that modern ecology recognizes under a different name. The Buddha and the mycologist are, at some level, describing the same discovery. The cell membrane and the Markov blanket are, at some level, encoding the same ancient problem: where does self end and world begin, and what does it mean that the answer is always – here, and not quite here.

Core Mind Realigning we practice in our meditation programs at The Mindfulness Centre – the full-spectrum return to embodied, right-hemisphere-inclusive, emptiness-rooted awareness – is not, then, a wellness intervention. It is a reorientation to reality. It asks not merely “how do I manage my stress” but “what am I, actually, and what world am I embedded in.” It trains the capacity to tolerate not-knowing long enough for genuine knowing to arise – the kind that includes the body, the relational field, the silence beneath thought, the intricate aliveness of the organism that has been, all along, doing something far more extraordinary than anything we have yet programmed a machine to do.

* * *

VI. The Frontier We Forgot

We are not at the dawn of intelligence. We are, if anything, at a moment of reckoning with how much of it we have ignored. The intelligence that assembled the human eye, that coordinates the immune response, that allows a murmuration of starlings to move as a single fluid mind without a conductor – this intelligence does not fit in a prompt. It does not run on servers. It also does not require the optional imaginative maneuver of engaging in an intimate relationship with a divine creator. It ‘simply’, yet astoundingly runs on carbon, water, time, and a set of thermodynamic constraints so precise that the margin for life, in the universe we can observe, appears almost impossibly narrow. We are that margin. We are what happened when matter became curious about itself – and the least we owe that fact is attention.

The mindfulness project, at its fullest, is nothing less than this: the cultivation of a quality of attention adequate to the complexity we actually inhabit. Not the attention that optimizes, extracts, and moves on – but the attention that stays, that deepens, that allows the world to become strange and specific and irreplaceable again. The trees are still communicating. The genome is still, in every cell division, copying three billion base pairs with an error rate that would humiliate any human engineer. The glia are still doing something in the brain that we do not yet fully understand. The emptiness at the heart of matter is still – against all our productivity – simply here and, if you prefer, simply God in its incomprehensible essence. God does not have to be posited separately. This very ordinary embodied moment is extraordinary beyond imagination when we know how to look closely – it is God’s magnificent incarnation. 

We did not need to build a mind. We need to inhabit the embodied one we have – and wake up, at last, to the world it arose from.

Copyright © 2026 by Dr. Stéphane Treyvaud. All rights reserved.

Automaticity of the human mind

Human function, action, cognition and behavior under the lens of automaticity

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May 22, 2025

Every novice meditator must understand the mind’s inherent automaticity, forged over eons of evolution to secure survival. The brain, the most intricate structure in the known universe, gives rise to the mind, whose elaborate workings unfold as the most profound phenomenon we can encounter. This complexity reveals our vast potential for self-deception, emphasizing the urgent need to avoid harmful habits early in practice. Cultivating a precise and resilient technical foundation is vital for navigating the mind’s labyrinthine depths. Let us briefly explore the scope of this automaticity, a formidable force we confront as we seek to understand our lives.

Estimating the exact percentage of human action and functioning that is automatic and not conscious is tricky, as it depends on how we define "action," "functioning," and "conscious." However, research in psychology and neuroscience suggests that a significant portion of human behavior and physiological processes operates outside conscious awareness.

1.     Physiological Functions: Most bodily processes—like heart rate, breathing, digestion, and reflexes—are automatic and controlled by the autonomic nervous system. These account for the vast majority of "functioning" in terms of rawprocesses. If we consider all bodily functions (including cellular processes),conscious control might apply to less than 1% of total activity, as most biological operations are involuntary.

2.  Behavioral and Cognitive Actions: When it comes to behavior, decision-making, and cognition, studies suggest that a large portion is driven by automatic processes:

- Psychologist Daniel Kahneman, in his work on System 1 (fast, automatic) and System 2 (slow, deliberate) thinking, suggeststhat System 1 dominates much of our daily behavior. Estimates vary, but someresearchers propose that 95% or more of cognitive processes (e.g., snapjudgments, habits, and intuitive reactions) are automatic.

- Studies on priming and implicit bias (e.g., by John Bargh) show that many decisions, from simple motor actions to complex social behaviors, are influenced by unconscious cues.

- Habitual behaviors, like driving a familiarroute or typing, often occur with minimal conscious input once learned.

3.     Conscious vs. Unconscious Balance: While no precise percentage is universally agreed upon, some neuroscientists estimate that 90–95% of brain activity is unconscious, based on the volume of neural processes handling sensory input, motor control, and background cognition. Conscious actions—like deliberateproblem-solving or focused attention—make up a smaller fraction, perhaps 5–10%of mental activity.

Rough General Estimate: If we combine physiologicaland behavioral aspects, roughly 90–95% of human "action and functioning" (broadly defined) is likely automatic and not conscious. Thisvaries by context—routine tasks lean more automatic, while novel or complex tasksrequire more conscious effort.

Copyright © 2025 by Dr. Stéphane Treyvaud. All rights reserved.

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